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鸡蛋和胆固醇:我们的立场是什么?

长期以来鸡蛋一直是世界各地的主食,不仅被认为是经济和营养的蛋白质来源,而且还是富含胆固醇的来源。因此在主流媒体以及旨在降低血液中胆固醇水平和心血管疾病风险的国际营养指南中,关于它们对心血管健康产生影响的信息不一。1 尽管如此,该领域的研究近年来取得了很大进展。那么我们今天的立场是什么?以下是对此问题相关的当前知识和建议的简要概述。

研究现状

最近大规模研究的证据结果并不一致,但大多数得出了类似的结论:中度或更高的鸡蛋摄入量(相当于每周 7 个鸡蛋或更多)似乎与心血管疾病的风险和总体死亡率的增加无关。1,2,3,4 另一方面,2021 年发表的一项大型研究报告称,多吃鸡蛋和胆固醇与心血管疾病和癌症等各种原因导致的死亡率升高相关。5 然而,这些相互矛盾的发现在科学界引起了争论,科学界指出该研究的一些重要局限,目前无法在大范围内得出明确的结论。6,7

另一个问题必须被提及。与干预性研究不同,这些研究大多都基于观察,从本质上并不能建立因果关系。事实上,正常的人类饮食通常由许多不同的食物组成,这使得很难在饮食模式之外评估单一成分(例如鸡蛋)对健康的影响。换而言之,这些结果无法证明多吃鸡蛋是否会增加患心血管疾病的风险,因为后者可能同时受到许多其它生活方式因素的影响。

事实上,尽管有些人可能是“高反应者”,但膳食胆固醇似乎对血液内胆固醇水平的影响不大。这意味着胆固醇摄入对这些人体内胆固醇水平的影响可能比对普通人群更大。而更广为人知的是,已知的其它食物成分,例如饱和脂肪酸和反式脂肪酸,对胆固醇水平的影响更大。8,9

营养指南

国际和各国的营养建议也反映了这些最近的发现。当前(FAO/WHOa)10 针对全球人口发布的官方指南,以及美国、欧盟、英国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、中国 和中国台湾 11,12,13,14,15,16,17 等各国家地区,并不设定膳食胆固醇的营养素参考值,尽管情况并非总是如此。18,19 美国膳食指南的上一个版本(2015-2020)强调,取消之前每天摄取300毫克胆固醇的限制并不一定意味着不再考虑膳食胆固醇的摄取量。20 保持尽可能低的胆固醇摄入量仍然是大多数建议中的常见方法。

尽管如此,也有一些例外如日本的情况,根据日本动脉粥样硬化学会(Japan Atherosclerosis Society)的指导方针,建议每天最多摄取 200 毫克的胆固醇,以防止出现严重的血脂异常(即血液脂质水平异常)。21,22 此外,欧洲心脏病学会(European Society of Cardiology)和欧洲动脉硬化学会(European Atherosclerosis Society)建议每天应摄入低于 300 毫克膳食胆固醇,以管理血脂异常(尤其是血清胆固醇水平高的人群),9 以及英国国家健康与临床卓越研究所(UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence)针对心血管疾病高风险或患有心血管疾病的个人亦做如是建议。23,24

事实上,尽管有些人可能是“高反应者”,但膳食胆固醇似乎对血液内胆固醇水平的影响不大。这意味着胆固醇摄入对这些人体内胆固醇水平的影响可能比对普通人群更大。

膳食胆固醇的来源

鸡蛋因其高胆固醇含量而经常被作为一个例子,但您可能知道胆固醇也天然存在于一系列其它产品中,植物性产品除外。膳食胆固醇的主要食物来源包括鸡蛋、肥肉(例如一些肉类切块,如肋眼牛排、排骨、羊肩)、加工肉类(如碎猪肉、香肠、意大利腊肠)、内脏(如小牛肾、甜面包、猪颊肉) 、全脂牛奶和衍生乳制品(例如普通奶酪、酸奶、奶油)、动物脂肪(例如黄油、猪油、培根脂肪)和海鲜(尤其是贝类)。1,8,9,25

虽然有些食物的胆固醇和饱和脂肪酸含量都很高,例如肥肉、加工肉类、全脂乳制品和动物脂肪。其它食物虽然胆固醇含量很高,但饱和脂肪含量却不高,鸡蛋、贝类和某些内脏(例如甜面包、鸡肝)就属于这种情况。1,8 根据美国和法国的食物营养成分表,作为指标物,一个中等大小的鸡蛋含有 185-200 毫克胆固醇,但平均只含 1.3-1.6 克饱和脂肪(即低于饱和脂肪提供的预估每日 2000 大卡能量值的 1%)。26,27

我可以吃几个鸡蛋?

许多人仍在向自己或他们的健康顾问提出的这个问题,也已在媒体上进行了详细讨论。然而大多数饮食建议并没有设定特定的鸡蛋消费频率。只有一些专家组和国家提出了对健康个人和患有某些疾病或易患心血管疾病的高风险人群的限制。下面列出了一些示例:

  • 美国心脏协会 (American Heart Association,AHA):作为健康饮食的一部分,健康人每天最多食用 1 个鸡蛋,胆固醇水平正常的老年人每天最多 2 个鸡蛋。另一方面,AHA 建议血脂异常患者(尤其是二型糖尿病患者或有心力衰竭风险的患者)应谨慎对待饮食中的胆固醇摄入量;1
  • 澳大利亚和新西兰国家心脏基金会(National Heart Foundations of Australia and New Zealand):对于没有心血管疾病或二型糖尿病的人来说,摄取鸡蛋可以作为健康饮食模式的一部分。相比之下,为二型糖尿病、心血管疾病或心脏病高危人群设定的标准为每周最多摄取 7 个鸡蛋;28,29
  • 中国国家膳食指南:健康个体每周最多摄取7个鸡蛋;30
  • 中国台湾饮食指南:健康个体每天最多 1 个鸡蛋,但心血管疾病风险较高(如高胆固醇血症、肥胖症)或患有心血管疾病的人每天应摄取少于 1 个鸡蛋。31

有益心脏健康的饮食

值得注意的是,与简单地限制鸡蛋消费相比,一些生活方式的改变可能对心血管疾病风险和血脂异常的预防和管理产生更大影响。虽然减少胆固醇的摄入量并不是最强烈的建议之一,但这里有一些关于心脏健康饮食的关键建议,您可能可以记住:

  • 通过摄取全麦产品、蔬菜、水果、豆类和坚果来增加膳食纤维摄入量;
  • 限制食用富含饱和脂肪酸的食物(全脂乳制品、肉类脂肪切块、动物脂肪和含有热带植物油的产品,如椰子油和棕榈油),多吃鱼、去皮家禽和植物性来源的蛋白质,如豆类和豆制品;
  • 选择不饱和脂肪的来源,例如植物油(来自橄榄、油菜籽、向日葵、大豆等)、坚果(例如杏仁、核桃、榛子)和种子(例如南瓜子、亚麻籽);
  • 尽可能限制反式脂肪酸的摄入量,尤其是工业来源的反式脂肪酸,即在加工食品中发现的部分氢化脂肪酸,如一些煎炸油、饼干、糕点、零食等。9,32

结论

尽管摄取鸡蛋对心血管疾病风险的影响尚未完全被了解,但作为多样化和健康饮食的一部分,鸡蛋仍然是一种营养选择。鸡蛋是含有所有必需氨基酸的完整 蛋白质来源,因此适用于杂食和乳蛋素食者。鸡蛋还含有大量的维生素 A、维生素 D、维生素 B12、铁、锌和一系列有益于健康的其它营养素。26,28

除了有益于心脏健康饮食的主要建议外,在研究结果更加明确之前限制胆固醇摄入量可能更安全,特别是对于易患心血管疾病的高风险人群或已患有心血管疾病者。切记在决定最适合您和您的身体状况的饮食前,通常建议咨询您的医生或营养师。最后与任何其它食物一样,适度和平衡才是关键。

最后更新: 2021 年 6 月

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参考文献

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